一、
1、图形显示
图素法
像素法
图素法---矢量图:以图形对象为基本元素组成的图形,如矩形、 圆形
像素法---标量图:以像素点为基本单位形成图形
2、图形用户界面:Graphical User Interface,GUI
Tkinter---Python 标准GUI
Graphics---基于Tkinter扩展图形库
Turtle---python内置的图形库。
3、安装graphics库
安装在D:\Python3\Lib\site-packages,网址http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python/graphics.py
二、
4、graphics库
(1)创建图形窗口
图形窗口
点(像素)的集合
GraphWin对象尺寸默认值:高200像素,宽200像素。
参考坐标系 Graphics\Tkinter 点(0,0)表示屏幕左上角 X轴正方向为从左到右 Y轴正方向为从上到下。 默认窗口大小为200*200
简洁形式
(2)点
移动点
move(x,y)方法清除原来点的图像,并在新位置重新绘制两个数字参数:x,y
(2)圆
1 from graphics import * 2 win=GraphWin() 3 leftEye=Circle(Point(80,80),5) 4 leftEye.setFill("yellow") 5 leftEye.setOutline("red") 6 rightEye=leftEye 7 rightEye.move(40,0) 8 9 leftEye.draw(win)10 rightEye.draw(win)
左眼右眼重叠了,说明,移动后原来的图就不存在了。
from graphics import *win=GraphWin()leftEye=Circle(Point(80,80),5)leftEye.setFill("yellow")leftEye.setOutline("red")rightEye=Circle(Point(120,80),5)rightEye.setFill("yellow")rightEye.setOutline("red")leftEye.draw(win)rightEye.draw(win)
(3)face
1 from graphics import * 2 3 win=GraphWin() 4 face=Circle(Point(100,95),50) 5 leftEye=Circle(Point(80,80),5) 6 leftEye.setFill("yellow") 7 leftEye.setOutline("red") 8 rightEye=Circle(Point(120,80),5) 9 rightEye.setFill("yellow")10 rightEye.setOutline("red")11 mouth=Line(Point(80,110),Point(120,110))12 13 face.draw(win)14 mouth.draw(win)15 leftEye.draw(win)16 rightEye.draw(win)
5、交互式图形接口
图形用户界面(图形用户接口), 采用图形方式显示的计算机操作用户界面 用于程序的输入和输出 事件驱动
Graphics模块 隐藏了底层事件的处理机制, 提供了获得用户在窗口中的输入 捕捉鼠标点击 处理文本输入
(1)捕捉鼠标点击
1 from graphics import * 2 3 def main(): 4 win=GraphWin("Click me")#标题栏名 5 for i in range(10): 6 p=win.getMouse() 7 print("you click at:",p.getX(),p.getY()) 8 if __name__=="__main__": 9 main()10
(2)四边形
1 from graphics import * 2 3 def main(): 4 win=GraphWin("draw a polygon",500,500)#标题栏名 5 win.setCoords(0,0,500,500)#变换坐标,左下角和右上角 6 message=Text(Point(250,50),"click on four points")#下面中心位置 7 message.draw(win) 8 9 #获取四个点10 p1=win.getMouse()11 p1.draw(win)12 p2=win.getMouse()13 p2.draw(win)14 p3=win.getMouse()15 p3.draw(win)16 p4=win.getMouse()17 p4.draw(win)18 19 #顺次画出闭合图形20 polygon=Polygon(p1,p2,p3,p4)21 polygon.setFill("red")22 polygon.setOutline('black')23 polygon.draw(win)24 25 message.setText('click anywhere to quit')26 win.getMouse()27 28 if __name__=="__main__":29 main()30
6、温度转换界面
(1)输入窗口
1 from graphics import * 2 3 win = GraphWin("Celsius Converter", 400, 300)#载入界面,标题栏 4 win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0)#按比例转换坐标 5 6 # 绘制接口 7 Text(Point(1,3), " Celsius Temperature:").draw(win)#输入文字 8 Text(Point(1,1), "Fahrenheit Temperature:").draw(win) 9 10 input= Entry(Point(2,3),5)#前面是位置,后面是宽度,可以写数字11 input.setText("0.0")12 input.draw(win)
Entry输入可以让用户自己输入内容,setText()是填充入内容,用户可以修改。
(2)完整代码
1 from graphics import * 2 3 win = GraphWin("Celsius Converter", 400, 300)#载入界面,标题栏 4 win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0)#按比例转换坐标 5 6 # 绘制接口 7 Text(Point(1,3), " Celsius Temperature:").draw(win)#输入文字 8 Text(Point(1,1), "Fahrenheit Temperature:").draw(win) 9 10 input= Entry(Point(2,3),5)#前面是位置,后面是宽度,可以写数字11 input.setText("0.0")12 input.draw(win)13 14 output = Text(Point(2,1),"")#确定输出位置15 output.draw(win)16 17 button = Text(Point(1.5,2.0),"Convert It")#按钮字样18 button.draw(win)19 Rectangle(Point(1,1.5), Point(2,2.5)).draw(win)#长方形20 21 # 等待鼠标点击22 win.getMouse()23 # 转换输入24 celsius = eval(input.getText())#得到你的输入值,getText()25 26 fahrenheit = 9.0/5.0 * celsius + 32.027 # 显示输出,改变按钮28 output.setText(fahrenheit)#输出温度值,setText()29 button.setText("Quit")30 # 等待响应鼠标点击,退出程序31 win.getMouse()32 win.close()
体会Text和Entry的区别,前者只能由程序输入内容,后者可以在图形界面输入内容;两者都是用getText()获取内容,用setText()展示内容。
三、tkinter库
7、创建GUI程序的基本步骤为: 导入Tk模块. 创建GUI应用程序的主窗口. 添加控件或GUI应用程序. 进入主事件循环,等待响应用户触发事件
15种常见的 Tk 控件Button, Canvas, Checkbutton, Entry, Frame, Label,Listbox, Menubutton, Menu, Message, Radiobutton,Scale Scrollbar, Text, Toplevel, SpinboxPanedWindow, LabelFrame, tkMessageBox
共同属性 Dimensions :尺寸 Colors:颜色 Fonts:字体 Anchors:锚 Relief styles:浮雕式 Bitmaps:显示位图 Cursors:光标的外形
(1)界面布局 Tkinter三种几何管理方法 pack() grid() place()
创建GUI应用程序窗口代码模板
1 from tkinter import *2 3 tk=Tk()4 label=Label(tk,text="welcome to python Tkinter")#标签5 button=Button(tk,text="click me")#按钮6 label.pack()7 button.pack()8 tk.mainloop()
(2)响应用户事件示例
1 from tkinter import * 2 3 def processOK(): 4 print("OK button is clicked")#点击之后会在idle中显示 5 6 def processCancel(): 7 print("cancel button is clicked") 8 9 def main():10 tk=Tk()11 btnOK=Button(tk,text="OK",fg="red",command=processOK)#文本,字体颜色,和点击评论,并没有标定具体位置,12 btnCancel=Button(tk,text="cancel ",bg="yellow",command=processCancel)13 btnOK.pack()14 btnCancel.pack()15 16 tk.mainloop()17 18 if __name__=="__main__":19 main()
(3)显示文字、图片、绘制图形
1 from tkinter import * 2 3 def main(): 4 tk=Tk() 5 canvas=Canvas(tk,width=300,height=200)#创建画布,宽和高 6 canvas.pack()#显示画布 7 #创建文字,(150,40)中心点,内容,颜色,字体,大小 8 canvas.create_text(150,40,text="welcome to Tkinter",fill='blue',font=("Times",16)) 9 10 myImage=PhotoImage(file="python_logo.gif")11 #创建图片,只能gif格式,(65,70)左上角坐标12 canvas.create_image(65,70,anchor="nw",image=myImage)13 14 canvas.create_rectangle(65,70,240,130)15 16 tk.mainloop()17 if __name__=="__main__":18 main()
(4)控制图形移动的示例
1 from tkinter import * 2 3 tk=Tk() 4 canvas=Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)#创建画布 5 canvas.pack() 6 7 def moverectangle(event): 8 if event.keysym=="Up":#获取你点击的键盘内容 9 canvas.move(1,0,-5)10 print(event.keysym)11 12 elif event.keysym=="Down":13 canvas.move(1,0,5)14 print(event.keysym)15 16 elif event.keysym=="Left":17 canvas.move(1,-5,0)18 print(event.keysym)19 20 elif event.keysym=="Right":21 canvas.move(1,5,0)22 print(event.keysym)23 24 canvas.create_rectangle(10,10,50,50,fill="red")#画出方块25 26 canvas.bind_all("",moverectangle)#通过键盘,触发函数27 canvas.bind_all(" ",moverectangle)28 canvas.bind_all(" ",moverectangle)29 canvas.bind_all(" ",moverectangle)30
四、图形库的应用方法
1、Graphwin对象
一个程序可以定义任意数量的窗体 GraphWin() 默认标题是“Graphics Window” 默认大小为200*200
2、图形对象 点、 线段、 圆、 椭圆、 矩形、 多边形以及文本 默认初始化 黑色边框 没有被填充
3、图形颜色
Python中颜色由字符串指定 很多颜色具有不同深浅 红色逐渐加深 ‘red1’ ‘red2’ ‘red3’ ‘red4
color_rgb(red,green,blue)函数 设定颜色数值获得颜色 三个参数为0-255范围内的整数 返回一个字符串color_rgb(255,0,0) 亮红色,color_rgb(130,0,130) 中度洋红色
1 from graphics import * 2 3 def convert(input): 4 celsius = eval(input.getText()) # 输入转换 5 fahrenheit = 9.0/5.0 * celsius + 32 6 return fahrenheit 7 8 #颜色变化算法 9 def colorChange(win,input):10 cnum = eval(input.getText())11 weight =cnum / 100.012 newcolor =color_rgb(int(255*weight),int(66+150*(1-weight)),int(255*(1-weight)))#算法核心13 win.setBackground(newcolor)14 15 def main():16 win = GraphWin("Celsius Converter", 400, 300)17 win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0)18 19 # 绘制输入接口,三行提示20 Text(Point(1,3),21 " Celsius Temperature:").draw(win)22 Text(Point(2,2.7),23 " (Please input 0.0-100.0 )").draw(win)24 Text(Point(1,1),25 "Fahrenheit Temperature:").draw(win)26 27 input = Entry(Point(2,3), 5)28 input.setText("0.0")29 input.draw(win)30 31 output = Text(Point(2,1),"")32 output.draw(win)33 34 button = Text(Point(1.5,2.0),"Convert It")35 button.draw(win)36 37 rect = Rectangle(Point(1,1.5), Point(2,2.5))38 rect.draw(win)39 # 等待鼠标点击40 win.getMouse()41 print(win.getMouse())42 result = convert(input) # 转换输入43 output.setText(result) # 显示输出 44 # 改变颜色45 colorChange(win,input)46 # 改变按钮字体47 button.setText("Quit")48 # 等待点击事件,退出程序49 win.getMouse()50 win.close()51 52 if __name__ == '__main__':53 main()
五、turtle库
Turtle 库 Python内置图形化模块
1 from turtle import * 2 3 def main(): 4 pensize(3) 5 penup() 6 goto(-200,-50) 7 pendown() 8 begin_fill() 9 color("red")10 circle(40,steps=3)11 end_fill()12 13 pensize(3)14 penup()15 goto(-100,-50)16 pendown()17 begin_fill()18 color("green")19 circle(40,steps=4)20 end_fill()21 22 pensize(3)23 penup()24 goto(0,-50)25 pendown()26 begin_fill()27 color("blue")28 circle(40,steps=5)29 end_fill()30 31 pensize(3)32 penup()33 goto(100,-50)34 pendown()35 begin_fill()36 color("yellow")37 circle(40,steps=6)38 end_fill()39 40 pensize(3)41 penup()42 goto(200,-50)43 pendown()44 begin_fill()45 color("purple")46 circle(40)47 end_fill()48 49 color("green")50 penup()51 goto(-100,50)52 pendown()53 write(("cool colorful shapes"),54 font=("Times",18,"bold"))55 hideturtle()56 57 if __name__=="__main__":58 main()59
六、tkinter库的聊天界面
(1)
1 from tkinter import * 2 import time 3 4 def main(): 5 6 def sendMsg():#发送消息 7 strMsg = '我:' + time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 8 time.localtime()) + '\n ' 9 txtMsgList.insert('0.0', strMsg, 'greencolor')#END,文本结尾,也即开头。后面是标签名称10 txtMsgList.insert('0.0', txtMsg.get('0.0', END))#"0.0",文本开头11 txtMsg.delete('0.0', END)12 13 def cancelMsg():#取消消息14 txtMsg.delete('0.0', END)15 16 def sendMsgEvent(event): #发送消息事件17 if event.keysym == "Up":18 sendMsg()19 20 #创建窗口 21 t = Tk()22 t.title('与python聊天中')23 24 #创建frame容器25 frmLT = Frame(width=500, height=320, bg='white')26 frmLC = Frame(width=500, height=150, bg='white')27 frmLB = Frame(width=500, height=30)28 frmRT = Frame(width=200, height=500)29 30 #创建控件31 txtMsgList = Text(frmLT)32 txtMsgList.tag_config('greencolor', foreground='red')#创建tag,33 #"greencolor"是名称,后面是颜色34 txtMsg = Text(frmLC);35 txtMsg.bind("", sendMsgEvent)36 btnSend = Button(frmLB, text='发 送', width = 8, command=sendMsg)37 btnCancel = Button(frmLB, text='取消', width = 8, command=cancelMsg)38 imgInfo = PhotoImage(file = "python_logo.gif")39 lblImage = Label(frmRT, image = imgInfo)40 lblImage.image = imgInfo41 42 #窗口布局columnspan选项可以指定控件跨越多列显示,43 #而rowspan选项同样可以指定控件跨越多行显示。44 frmLT.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=1, pady=3)45 frmLC.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=1, pady=3)46 frmLB.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2)47 frmRT.grid(row=0, column=2, rowspan=3, padx=2, pady=3)48 #固定大小49 frmLT.grid_propagate(0)50 frmLC.grid_propagate(0)51 frmLB.grid_propagate(0)52 frmRT.grid_propagate(0)53 54 btnSend.grid(row=2, column=0)55 btnCancel.grid(row=2, column=1)56 lblImage.grid()57 txtMsgList.grid()58 txtMsg.grid()59 60 #主事件循环61 t.mainloop()62 63 if __name__ == '__main__':64 main()
利用grid(),对界面进行布局
tag()设置标签格式(颜色)
time()输出时间
insert()一定要注意,是从开头插入还是末尾插入,否则就出现了上述的情况,新输入的在上方
更改如下
1 from tkinter import * 2 import time 3 4 def main(): 5 6 def sendMsg():#发送消息 7 strMsg = '我:' + time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 8 time.localtime()) + '\n ' 9 print(strMsg)10 txtMsgList.insert(END, strMsg,"greencolor")#插入年月日11 txtMsgList.insert(END, txtMsg.get('0.0', END))#输入的内容,0.0表示文本开始12 txtMsg.delete('0.0', END)#删除中间刚输入的内容13 14 def cancelMsg():#取消消息15 txtMsg.delete('0.0', END)16 17 def sendMsgEvent(event): #发送消息事件:18 if event.keysym == "Up":19 sendMsg()20 21 #创建窗口 22 t = Tk()23 t.title('与python聊天中')24 25 #创建frame容器26 frmLT = Frame(width=500, height=320, bg='white')27 frmLC = Frame(width=500, height=150, bg='white')28 frmLB = Frame(width=500, height=30)29 frmRT = Frame(width=200, height=500)30 31 #创建控件32 txtMsgList = Text(frmLT)33 # txtMsgList.tag_config('greencolor', foreground='#008C00')#创建tag34 txtMsg = Text(frmLC);35 txtMsg.bind("", sendMsgEvent)36 37 #发送取消按钮和图片38 btnSend = Button(frmLB, text='发 送', width = 8, command=sendMsg)39 btnCancel = Button(frmLB, text='取消', width = 8, command=cancelMsg)40 imgInfo = PhotoImage(file = "python_logo.gif")41 lblImage = Label(frmRT, image = imgInfo)42 lblImage.image = imgInfo43 44 #窗口布局columnspan选项可以指定控件跨越多列显示,45 #而rowspan选项同样可以指定控件跨越多行显示。46 frmLT.grid(row=0, column=0,columnspan=2, padx=1, pady=3)47 frmLC.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan=2,padx=1, pady=3)48 frmLB.grid(row=2, column=0,columnspan=2)49 frmRT.grid(row=0, column=2, columnspan=2,rowspan=3, padx=2, pady=3)50 #固定大小51 frmLT.grid_propagate(0)52 frmLC.grid_propagate(0)53 frmLB.grid_propagate(0)54 frmRT.grid_propagate(0)55 56 #按钮和图片57 btnSend.grid(row=2,column=0)58 btnCancel.grid(row=2,column=1)59 lblImage.grid()60 61 txtMsgList.grid()62 txtMsg.grid()63 64 #主事件循环65 t.mainloop()66 67 if __name__ == '__main__':68 main()